CONSUMER
GUIDE TO
ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
MARCH 2019
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Today’s Choices in Cars
ELECTRIC VEHICLES DEMYSTIFIED
This guide focuses exclusively on plug-in electric vehicles,
which have batteries that are recharged by plugging into
the electricity grid. There are two main types: battery
electric or all-electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles.
All-electric vehicles use no gasoline and are powered
solely by an electric motor (or motors) and battery. Battery
technology is rapidly advancing, costs are declining, and
vehicle range is increasing.
Plug-in hybrids are powered by an electric motor (or
motors) and battery paired with an internal combustion
engine. Most drive solely on electricity using battery
energy until the battery is discharged, thereafter continuing
to drive on gasoline like a conventional hybrid.
Conventional hybrids have smaller batteries and do
not plug in. These hybrids, and cars with technologies
designed to maximize gasoline fuel economy such as
start-stop or mild hybrids, have electrified drivetrains but
are not electric vehicles that can travel on electric power
alone.
Today’s electric car market is growing
steadily, offering U.S. consumers more
affordable, efficient, high-performance
transportation options each year. Buy-
ers can find an electric car in almost
every vehicle class, with about 41 new
models available today and about
132 projected by 2022.
Nationwide, a public charging net-
work is expanding as well, enabling
more consumers to consider purchas-
ing an electric car. Most drivers still
prefer to charge at home, however,
due to convenience and savings over
time. They plug in and charge their
cars overnight, just like their smart
phones. At the U.S. national average
price of 12.5 cents per kilowatt-hour
(kWh), electricity is roughly equivalent
to gasoline at $1 a gallon. Plus, many
electricity providers offer special elec-
tric vehicle rates.
Displacing gasoline with domestic
electricity cuts petroleum use and
emissions, which benefits public
health. Electrifying the transportation
sector can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in 2050 by 57% relative to
2015 levels.
Consider your driving needs. An
electric vehicle might work for you.
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE AVAILABILITY
The new-car market is transforming. Although electric cars today comprise a fraction—roughly 2%—of U.S. light-duty vehicle
sales, the market is projected to grow due to a global shift toward vehicle electrification. U.S. sales of new electric cars
increased by 81% in 2018 over 2017. Cumulative sales topped 1 million nationwide and 4 million globally.
Today, U.S. consumers can buy an electric car in almost every vehicle class, as shown in Figure 1. Automakers are offering
more choices in trim levels and body styles. Some offer different powertrains—gasoline, battery electric and plug-in
hybrid—for the same car.
Some electric vehicle models are available nationwide. Some are available only in California and states that have
adopted zero emission vehicle (ZEV) regulations. Still others can be ordered online from the manufacturer and delivered
through a local dealer, even if that dealer is in a non-ZEV state or does not stock electric cars on the lot.
Used electric cars are also available. As people who bought the first generation of electric vehicles trade up to new
models, their previous cars are now for sale in the used-car market as affordable electric vehicle options.
In addition, several ultra-luxury or limited-edition models priced over $150,000 are available. They are listed in Table 2 on
page 15 but not featured with photos on the following pages of this guide.
Figure 1 – The number and variety of electric vehicle models continues to grow. By the end of 2019, about 58
different models are expected to be available in the United States. By 2022, around 132 models are projected.
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE AND CHARGING
Level Circuit Capacity/Description Location
Miles Range/
Hour Charging
Overnight
Charging Range
1
Level 1 Dedicated 110–120VAC,
15–20A circuit; three-prong outlet; charging
cable comes with car; or charging station.
Home/Work/Public 3–5 miles 30–50 miles
Level 2 Dedicated 240VAC, 30–100A circuit; charging
station.
Home/Work/Public 12–25 miles 120–250 miles
DC Fast
Charging
Dedicated 480–600VDC, up to 300A circuit;
charging station.
Public 80% charge in
20–40 minutes
Not applicable
Table 1 – Charging basics
Public and workplace charging networks with Level 1,
Level 2, and DC fast charging options are expanding
nationwide. A DC fast charger can charge a properly
equipped battery electric vehicle to 80% full in roughly
20 to 40 minutes (20 minutes for shorter range cars and
30 to 40 minutes or more for longer range cars with
bigger battery packs).
Many, but not all, electric vehicles are equipped to accept
DC fast charging. Among those that are fast-charging
capable, the speed at which they can charge varies.
Furthermore, the speed of individual DC fast charging
stations varies by installation, ranging from 50kW to
125kW, with Tesla Superchargers among the fastest.
Table 1 highlights charging basics. The amount of range
replenished per hour of charging may vary beyond
the numbers shown. For more information, see EPRI
publication, “A U.S. Consumer’s Guide to Electric Vehicle
Charging” (Product ID 3002009442). An updated
charging guide will be published in 2019.
Most current battery electric vehicles can drive 120 to
250 miles on a charge, and some can travel even further.
A recent analysis by EPRI shows that, by 2022, the
average range of all-electric vehicles will increase from
196 to 264 miles. With battery technology improving
and costs declining, some models with even longer range,
300 miles or more, are expected.
Today’s plug-in hybrids can travel 10 to 50 miles on
electricity alone, followed by another 300 to 550 miles
on gasoline. Some designs allow the driver to choose
when to use electricity or gasoline. If you charge every
day, you may be able to drive 1,000 to 2,000 miles
between gasoline fill-ups.
Most drivers find it convenient and cost-effective to
charge at home. Every electric car comes with a 120VAC
charging cord (Level 1) that plugs into a standard
household outlet. Charging at Level 1 delivers roughly
three to five miles of range for every hour of charging.
For faster charging, a 240VAC charging station
(Level 2) delivers roughly 12 to 25 miles of range per
hour of charging depending on the type of electric vehicle
and its onboard charger. Some automakers include free
Level 2 charging equipment with the sale or lease of
a long-range all-electric car. Most offer it as part of a
package with an authorized third-party charging station
and service provider to create a turnkey home-charging
solution. Some consumers opt to buy a Level 2 station from
a different provider, independent of their car purchase.
Level 1 delivers roughly three to five miles of range for
every hour of charging.
Level 2 delivers roughly 12 to 25 miles of range per
hour of charging depending on the type of electric
vehicle and its onboard charger.
DC fast charging can charge a properly equipped
battery electric vehicle to 80% full in 20 to 40
minutes.
1
Assumes 10 hours of charging time.
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2019 Audi e-tron
Type: Battery electric vehicle; SUV/Crossover
Estimated electric range: 220 miles
Range/hour of charging: 24 miles
Fast charging: 160 miles in 30 minutes
2019 BMW i3
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 153 miles
Range/hour of charging: 26 miles
Fast charging: 120 miles in 40 minutes
2019 BMW 740e xDrive iPerformance
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 14 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 340 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–5 miles
2019 BMW 530e and 530e xDrive iPerformance
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 16 (15 for xDrive)
EPA total range (gas + electric): 370 (360 for xDrive)
Range/hour of charging: 2–8 miles
Available Nationwide
Photo courtesy of BMWPhoto courtesy of Audi
The following pages highlight electric cars that are available nationwide as of March 30, 2019. Sources for vehicle range
are U.S. EPA and automakers. For battery electric vehicles, range per hour of charging assumes a Level 2 charging station.
Fast charging times are provided by automakers or calculated from automaker statements and are listed for vehicles that are
fast-charging capable. For plug-in hybrids, range per hour of charging is calculated from U.S. EPA data and includes both
Level 1 (the smaller number) and Level 2 (the larger number). All range per hour and fast charging numbers are approximate.
Photo courtesy of BMW
Photo courtesy of BMW
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2019 BMW i3 REx
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 126 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 200 miles
Range/hour of charging: 26 miles
Fast charging: 100 miles in 40 minutes
2019 Chevrolet Bolt EV
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 238 miles
Range/hour of charging: 25 miles
Fast charging: 90 miles in 30 minutes
2019 Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Minivan/Wagon/Van
EPA electric range: 32 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 520 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–16 miles
2019 Ford Fusion Energi
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 26 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 610 miles
Range/hour of charging: 4–12 miles
Photo courtesy of Ford
Photo courtesy of Chrysler
Photo courtesy of BMW
Photo courtesy of Chevrolet
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2019 Jaguar I-PACE
Type: Battery electric vehicle; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 234 miles
Range/hour of charging: 18 miles
Fast charging: 180 miles in 40 minutes
2019 Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 29 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 630 miles
Range/hour of charging: 3–13 miles
2019 Hyundai Sonata Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 28 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 600 miles
Range/hour of charging: 3–10 miles
2019 Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 47 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 340 miles
Range/hour of charging: 4–19 miles
Photo courtesy of Hyundai
Photo courtesy of Honda
Photo courtesy of Jaguar
Photo courtesy of Hyundai
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2019 MINI Countryman Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 12 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 270 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–4 miles
2019 Kia Niro Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 26 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 560 miles
Range/hour of charging: 3–11 miles
2019 Mitsubishi Outlander Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 22 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 310 miles
Range/hour of charging: 3–7 miles
Fast charging: 18 miles in 25 minutes
2019 Nissan LEAF and LEAF PLUS
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 150 miles (226 miles LEAF PLUS)
Range/hour of charging: 19 miles
Fast charging:
120 miles in 40 minutes (LEAF)
180 miles in 60 minutes (LEAF PLUS)
Photo courtesy of NissanPhoto courtesy of Hyundai
Photo courtesy of Kia
Photo courtesy of BMW
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2019 Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 14 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 490 miles
Range/hour of charging: 1–5 miles
2019 Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 16 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 480 miles
Range/hour of charging: 1–5 miles
2019 smart EQ fortwo
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Subcompact
EPA electric range: 58 miles
Range/hour of charging: 19 miles
Fast charging: Not equipped
2019 Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid Sport Turismo
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Minivan/Wagon/Van
EPA electric range: 16 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 480 miles
Range/hour of charging: 1–5 miles
Photo courtesy of PorschePhoto courtesy of Porsche
Photo courtesy of Mercedes-BenzPhoto courtesy of Porsche
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2019 Toyota Prius Prime
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 25 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 640 miles
Range/hour of charging: 5–12 miles
Tesla Model X
Type: Battery electric vehicle; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 289–295 miles
Range/hour of charging: Up to 60 miles
Fast charging: 140 miles in 30 minutes
Tesla Model S
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Sedan
EPA electric range: 315–335 miles
Range/hour of charging: Up to 60 miles
Fast charging: 150–160 miles in 30 minutes
Tesla Model 3
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Sedan
EPA electric range: 264–310 miles
Range/hour of charging: 37 miles
Fast charging: 150–170 miles in 30 minutes
Photo courtesy of ToyotaPhoto courtesy of Tesla
Photo courtesy of Tesla
Photo courtesy of Tesla
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2019 Volvo XC90 T8 eAWD
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 17 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 490 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–6 miles
2019 Volvo XC60 T8 eAWD
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 17 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 500 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–6 miles
2019 Volvo S90 T8 eAWD
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 21 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 490 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–7 miles
Photo courtesy of Volvo
Photo courtesy of Volvo
Photo courtesy of Volvo
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2019 Hyundai Kona Electric
Type: Battery electric vehicle; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 258 miles
Range/hour of charging: 27 miles
Fast charging: 200 miles in 54–75 minutes
2019 Hyundai Ioniq Electric
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 124 miles
Range/hour of charging: 31 miles
Fast charging: 90 miles in 23–33 minutes
2019 Fiat 500e
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Subcompact
EPA electric range: 84 miles
Range/hour of charging: 21 miles
Fast charging: Not equipped
2019 Honda Clarity Electric
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Sedan
EPA electric range: 89 miles
Range/hour of charging: 25 miles
Fast charging: 70 miles in 30 minutes
Available in Select Markets
The following pages highlight electric cars that are available in select markets as of March 30, 2019. Sources for vehicle
range are U.S. EPA and automakers. For battery electric vehicles, range per hour of charging assumes a Level 2 charging
station. Fast charging times are provided by automakers or calculated from automaker statements and are listed for vehicles that
are fast-charging capable. For plug-in hybrids, range per hour of charging is calculated from U.S. EPA data and includes both
Level 1 (the smaller number) and Level 2 (the larger number). All range per hour and fast charging numbers are approximate.
Photo courtesy of HondaPhoto courtesy of Fiat
Photo courtesy of Hyundai
Photo courtesy of Hyundai
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2019 Mercedes-Benz GLC 350e 4MATIC
Type: Plug-in Hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 10 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 350 miles
Range/hour of charging: 1–5 miles
2019 Kia Soul EV
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 111 miles
Range/hour of charging: 22 miles
Fast charging: 80 miles in 30 minutes
2019 Kia Niro EV
Type: Battery electric vehicle; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 239 miles
Range/hour of charging: 25 miles
Fast charging: 100 miles in 30 minutes
2019 Kia Optima Plug-in Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; Sedan
EPA electric range: 29 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 610 miles
Range/hour of charging: 3–11 miles
Photo courtesy of Kia
Photo courtesy of Kia
Photo courtesy of Kia Photo courtesy of Mercedes-Benz
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2019 Volkswagen e-Golf
Type: Battery electric vehicle; Compact/Hatchback
EPA electric range: 125 miles
Range/hour of charging: 21 miles
Fast charging: 100 miles in 60 minutes
2019 Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid
Type: Plug-in hybrid; SUV/Crossover
EPA electric range: 17 miles
EPA total range (gas + electric): 480 miles
Range/hour of charging: 2–8 miles
Photo courtesy of Volkswagen
Photo courtesy of Subaru
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Availability at a Glance
AVAILABLE NOW
MODEL NAME RANGE (MI)
1
WHERE MODEL NAME RANGE (MI)
1
WHERE
BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE
SUV/CROSSOVER SUV/CROSSOVER
Audi e-tron 220 Nationwide
PLUG-IN HYBRID
Kia Niro Plug-in Hybrid 26/560 Nationwide
Jaguar I-PACE 234 Nationwide MINI Countryman Plug-in Hybrid 12/270 Nationwide
Tesla Model X 289 – 295 Nationwide Mitsubishi Outlander Plug-in Hybrid 22/310 Nationwide
Hyundai Kona Electric 258 Select Markets Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid 14/490 Nationwide
Kia Niro EV 239 Select Markets Volvo XC60 T8 eAWD 17/500 Nationwide
COMPACT/HATCHBACK
Volvo XC90 T8 eAWD 17/490 Nationwide
BMW i3 153 Nationwide Mercedes-Benz GLC 350e 10/350 Select Markets
Chevrolet Bolt EV 238 Nationwide Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid 17/480 Select Markets
Nissan LEAF and LEAF PLUS 150 and 226 Nationwide
COMPACT/HATCHBACK
Hyundai Ioniq Electric 124 Select Markets BMW i3 REx 126/200 Nationwide
Kia Soul EV 111 Select Markets Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in Hybrid 29/630 Nationwide
Volkswagen e-Golf 125 Select Markets Toyota Prius Prime 25/640 Nationwide
SEDAN SEDAN
Tesla Model 3 264 – 310 Nationwide BMW 530e iPerformance 16/370 Nationwide
Tesla Model S 315 – 335 Nationwide BMW 740e xDrive iPerformance 14/340 Nationwide
Honda Clarity Electric 89 Select Markets Ford Fusion Energi 26/610 Nationwide
SUBCOMPACT
Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid 47/340 Nationwide
smart EQ fortwo 58 Nationwide Hyundai Sonata Plug-in Hybrid 28/600 Nationwide
Fiat 500e 84 Select Markets Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid 16/480 Nationwide
Volvo S90 T8 eAWD 21/490 Nationwide
Kia Optima Plug-in Hybrid 29/610 Select Markets
MINIVAN/WAGON/VAN
Chrysler Pacica Hybrid 32/520 Nationwide
Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid Sport
Turismo
16/480 Nationwide
ULTRA-LUXURY/LIMITED EDITION
BMW i8 Coupe 18/320 Nationwide
BMW i8 Roadster 18/320 Nationwide
Karma Revero 37/240 Nationwide
Volvo S60 T8 Polestar Engineered Sold out
Table 2 – U.S. Electric Vehicle Availability
EXPECTED LATER IN 2019
BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE
MODEL NAME RANGE (MI)
1
WHEN MODEL NAME RANGE (MI)
1
WHEN
SUV/CROSSOVER
PLUG-IN HYBRID
SUV/CROSSOVER
Audi e-tron Sportback 200+ Late 2019 Lincoln Aviator Grand Touring TBA Late 2019
COMPACT/HATCHBACK
Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid Gen 1+ 27/490 Mid 2019
MINI Cooper S E 200 Late 2019 Range Rover P400e 31/TBA Mid 2019
Hyundai Ioniq Electric Gen 1+ 167 Late 2019 Range Rover P400e Sport 31/TBA Mid 2019
Kia Soul EV Gen 2 243 Late 2019
SEDAN
SPORTS CAR
Audi A6 e-tron TBA Late 2019
Porsche Taycan 300 Late 2019 BMW 330e iPerformance Gen 2 37/TBA Mid 2019
ULTRA-LUXURY/LIMITED EDITION
BMW 745e, 745Le, 745Le xDrive 30/TBA Mid 2019
Aston Martin Rapide E 200 Late 2019 Mercedes-Benz S560e 22/TBA Mid 2019
ULTRA-LUXURY/LIMITED EDITION
Bentley Bentayga Hybrid 31/TBA Early 2019
Maserati Levante Trofeo TBA Late 2019
Volvo Polestar 1 93/TBA Late 2019
1
Range: For battery electric vehicles is all-electric range. For plug-in hybrids is all-electric/
combined (electric + gas) range. Sources for vehicles available now: www.fueleconomy.gov
and manufacturer websites. Sources for vehicles expected in 2019: manufacturer and industry
news websites, data subject to change.
1
Range: For battery electric vehicles is all-electric range. For plug-in hybrids is all-electric/
combined (electric + gas) range. Sources for vehicles available now: www.fueleconomy.gov
and manufacturer websites. Sources for vehicles expected in 2019: manufacturer and industry
news websites, data subject to change.
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Automaker Statement
Audi Invest $15.9 billion in electric mobility, digitalization, and autonomous driving by 2023.
By 2025 offer 12 automobiles with all-electric drive in the most important markets world-
wide and achieve roughly one-third of its sales with electrified
1
models.
BMW By 2021, five all-electric models. By 2025, at least 12 all-electric models. Electric range on
plug-in hybrids will increase significantly in 2019. Total electrified product portfolio of at
least 25 models by 2025.
Fiat Chrysler Spend approximately $10.5 billion through 2022 on electrification. Launch over 30
nameplates with electrified systems worldwide by the end of 2022, including hybrids and
mild hybrids.
Ford Spend $11 billion on electrification technology and introduce 40 electrified vehicles – 16
all-electric and 24 hybrid or plug-in hybrid – by 2022.
General Motors At least 20 new or redesigned battery electric or fuel cell-powered vehicles globally by
2023 (emphasis: China). A Cadillac electric vehicle will be first to use GM’s new platform
in 2021.
Honda Two-thirds of vehicle lineup electrified. A compact urban electric car in Japan by 2020.
Hyundai/Kia Bring 38 “green car” models to market by 2025. Kia to offer 16 electrified vehicles com-
prising five hybrids, five plug-in hybrids, five electric vehicles, and one fuel cell vehicle.
Infinity Electrify its product lineup from 2021 onward. All sales will be all-electric, electrified or
hybrid by 2025.
Jaguar Land Rover All new vehicles will be electrified.
Future Vehicles: Global Momentum
Automakers continue to make bold statements about their
electric vehicle development and deployment plans.
Similarly, analysts offer big, sometimes optimistic, predictions
about the future electric vehicle market.
Recently, much of the focus has centered on China, the
world’s largest automotive market, due to its electric vehicle
requirements and incentives. One study estimates global
automakers will in the next decade invest $300 billion in
electric vehicle technology, with one-half of that investment
in China. Another predicts EV sales will surge from 1 million
annually to 6.5 million annually by 2025, spurred by
China. Other observers caution that the rapid expansion
of China’s automotive production sector could create an
overcapacity problem with too many electric vehicles and
conventional cars available.
Table 3 – Reports of automaker statements on future vehicles and electrification
Beyond China, governments around the world, including
many U.S. states, are adopting stringent carbon reduction
policies. Automakers are investing in electrification,
automation, and other new technologies. Consumer
preferences are evolving as awareness of electric vehicles
grows, technology advances, and prices drop. In the
United States, comparatively cheap gas prices and the risk
of the federal tax credit and various state electric vehicle
purchase incentives ending contribute to market uncertainty.
Interest rates are another variable that affect car purchases.
Nonetheless, the global indicators point to growing
momentum for vehicle electrification.
Table 3 summarizes recent reports of automaker statements
on future vehicles and electrification.
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Table 3 – Reports of automaker statements on future vehicles and electrification (continued)
Automaker Statement
Jeep Electrification options available across each nameplate by 2021, with four all-electric
vehicles and 10 plug-in hybrid vehicles worldwide by 2022.
Mazda Deploy some form of electrification in all production vehicles.
Mercedes-Benz By 2022, offer customers at least one electrified alternative – a 48-volt mild hybrid, a
high-voltage plug-in hybrid or an all-electric vehicle – in all segments. Out of more than
130 electrified vehicles, more than 10 will be powered by a battery alone. Electric models
estimated to comprise 15–25% of total sales by 2025.
Nissan/Mitsubishi/Renault Launch common electric vehicle platforms and components for multiple segments; 70% of
electric vehicle volume based on shared platforms by 2022. A new family of motors and
batteries introduced around 2020 and shared within the alliance. Nissan will launch eight
new battery-powered electric vehicles by March 31, 2023. May not all be in U.S.
Porsche One-half of Porsche models delivered globally will be electrified.
Toyota 10 electrified vehicles available globally (focus: China) by 2020. By 2030, sales of 1 mil-
lion all-electric cars worldwide, and 5.5 million electrified vehicles in total.
Volkswagen Group
(includes Audi, Porsche)
A total of $50 billion invested by 2023 in electric vehicles, self-driving cars, and other new
technology. Capacity to build up to 15 million electric vehicles on its new MEB platform,
with plans to offer 50 all-electric and 30 hybrid electric models by 2025. Eventually offer
electrified versions of all 300 models in its 12-brand global portfolio, which includes Audi
and Porsche.
Volvo Volvo aims for all-electric cars to make up 50% of its sales by 2025.
1
“Electried” may mean conventional or mild hybrid, not plug-in electric. However, expanded use of electric drive systems helps reduce costs and build the broader market for electric vehicles.
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How much does it cost to charge?
At the U.S. national average residential price of 12.5 cents
per kilowatt-hour (kWh), fueling a car with electricity is
roughly equivalent to buying gasoline at $1 a gallon. Many
electricity providers offer discounted electric vehicle rates.
Can weather affect my car’s performance?
Electric vehicles may draw energy from the traction battery
for interior air-conditioning, heating, and window defrosting
or defogging. This energy use can reduce driving range.
Extremely cold weather also can reduce driving range.
To minimize the effects, you can program the car to pre-
condition the interior and battery while it is plugged in.
Pre-conditioning also makes a car more immediately
comfortable for passengers. Windshield wipers, headlights,
and similar accessories do not affect range.
Where can I get an electric vehicle?
Some electric vehicle models are available nationwide.
Some are available only in California, the Pacific Northwest,
and some Northeast states that have adopted zero emission
vehicle (ZEV) regulations. Still others can be ordered online
from the manufacturer and delivered through a local dealer,
even if that dealer is in a non-ZEV state or does not stock
electric vehicles on the lot. Check automaker websites for
updates on available and future models.
Used electric cars are also available. As people who
bought the first generation of electric vehicles trade up to
the newest models, their previous cars are now for sale in
the used-car market as affordable electric vehicle options.
What incentives are available?
A federal tax credit of up to $7,500 may be available
for qualified electric vehicles. Some state and local
governments offer vehicle and charging station incentives.
Answers to Important Questions
In some metros, electric vehicles can use carpool lanes with
a single driver. Parking and charging perks are available
in some cities. Some electricity providers offer rebates
and incentives for electric vehicle charging. Incentives are
subject to limitations and may change over time. More
information is available at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
.
What should I consider in making a purchase?
Consider your driving needs and lifestyle. If you have only
one car, or often drive long distances, a plug-in hybrid with
its back-up internal combustion engine can provide a worry-
free transition to electric vehicles. If you can charge at your
workplace you can effectively double your range.
If you have a predictable daily driving pattern, or if you
like the idea of a gasoline-free driving experience, a
battery electric vehicle could be a good choice. Access
to workplace or public charging may alleviate any range
concerns.
Consider costs and benefits. With manufacturer lease
options, discounted electricity rates, and government
purchase incentives, electric vehicles can be less expensive to
operate over their lifetime despite costing more to purchase.
And like other new innovations, electric vehicle costs are
coming down as technology improves and production scales.
Consider environmental benefits. Electric vehicles have
lower emissions than gasoline-powered vehicles, even in
areas where much of the electricity is generated by power
plants that use fossil fuels. For more information, read EPRI
publication, “Environmental Assessment of a Full Electric
Transportation Portfolio” (Product ID 3002006881).
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FOR MORE INFORMATION
Explore automakers’ websites for product
updates and check your local electricity provider
website for information about electric vehicles.
Other sources:
Electric Drive Transportation Association
www.electricdrive.org and www.goelectricdrive.org
U.S. Dept. of Energy Alternative
Fuels Data Center
www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity.html
U.S. Dept. of Energy Fuel Economy Information
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/
Plug In America
www.pluginamerica.org
Veloz
http://www.veloz.org/
For more information about EPRI Electric
Transportation research activities contact:
Dan Bowermaster, Program Manager,
Electric Transportation
dbowermaster@epri.com
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The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
(EPRI, www.epri.com) conducts research and
development relating to the generation, delivery
and use of electricity for the benefit of the public.
An independent, nonprofit organization, EPRI
brings together its scientists and engineers as well
as experts from academia and industry to help
address challenges in electricity, including reliabil
-
ity, efficiency, affordability, health, safety and the
environment. EPRI also provides technology, policy
and economic analyses to drive long-range research
and development planning, and supports research
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