Best Practices For Gig Drivers' Transition to Electric Vehicles

Best Practices For Gig

Drivers’ Transition to

Electric Vehicles

June 2024

Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Produced By:

Forth

June 2024

2035 NW Front Street

Portland, Oregon, USA, 97209

Lead Author:

Ian Sergeant, Forth

Page 02

Table of Contents

Page 03

Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Why Electric Vehicles

Why Supporting Gig Drivers in the Transition to Electric

Vehicles is Important

Successes and Challenges for EV Gig Drivers

Recommendations for a Successful Program

Key Stakeholders

Budget and Funding Strategies

Executive Summary

Transportation network company

(TNC) drivers, informally known as gig

drivers, travel more miles each year

than the average driver. They also use

hybrid vehicles much more often than

the average car owner. Even so,

greenhouse gas emissions for rides

taken with gig drivers are higher due to

“deadheading,” trips taken en route to

or from passenger pickups/drop-offs.

Transportation network companies are

thus significant contributors to

greenhouse gas emissions, and their

drivers could be valuable

ambassadors for the shift to electric

vehicles (EVs).

To address issues around

environmental justice and equity,

however, EVs need to be more

affordable and accessible to gig

drivers. On average, the earnings for a

full-time gig driver in Los Angeles, the

second-largest market in the U.S.,

barely reach above California’s poverty

line for a family of four. Including

purchase price, fuel and maintenance,

EVs cost half of what internal

combustion engine vehicles cost over

the lifetime of the vehicle. This means

that gig drivers can benefit financially

from driving EVs — but only if they can

get past the hurdle of high purchase

prices and financing requirements.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Gig drivers disproportionately come

from historically marginalized

communities, which often bear many

of the negative effects of air pollution

and climate change. Generations of

inequity and patterns of poverty mean

that many people from these

communities do not have the access

to higher credit ratings, lower interest

rates, and conventional loans that

people who live in more affluent areas

enjoy. Gig drivers are contract

workers, complicating their ability to

qualify their income for auto loans.

Forth has found that to equitably

support gig drivers’ transition to EVs,

successful programs must remove

barriers and center TNC drivers’

needs. In our experience, effective

elements of a program include:

● Credit counseling and support

to build savings

● Access to affordable financing

for the purchase of electric

vehicles

● Income-based grants to help

cover down-payment costs

● Education on EV operation and

charging

● Vehicle vetting and help

avoiding predatory sales tactics

● Assistance qualifying for local

and federal EV incentives

With transportation now the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the

United States, the country must rapidly scale adoption of EVs to meet national and

international climate goals. In fact, increased adoption of electric vehicles is critical

to support the U.S. goal of zero carbon emissions by 2050. Without continued

aggressive action, this problem will only get worse: by 2050, global demand for

freight transportation will nearly triple, and demand for passenger transport is

expected to double.

In order to curb the worst impacts of carbon pollution, improve

public health and increase energy security, the rapid electrification of the

transportation sector is critical.

The significant and rapid growth in EVs has the potential to bring substantial

benefits to the entire country. Electric vehicles can provide clean, reliable, affordable

transportation that saves families thousands of dollars — especially as more models

become available, including more used electric cars. This change brings with it an

opportunity to improve equitable access to clean transportation sources. All people,

regardless of where they live, should have the chance to benefit from the lower

operating costs, reduced maintenance needs and improved performance of EVs.

Mobility Increases Equity

The ability to access affordable transportation directly impacts an individual’s access

to education, professional development opportunities, childcare and healthy food

choices.

However, to date, much of the adoption of and investment in EVs has

occurred in affluent areas, resulting in low-income communities experiencing lower

awareness of EVs and their benefits, and lower availability of EV charging

infrastructure.

Electrifying and broadening the transportation sector is a key

strategy to improve mobility options for historically marginalized communities.

As more governments take this issue seriously, there is increasing funding available

for programs that advance the equitable transition to electrified transportation.

Notable among them is the Justice40 Initiative, in which the U.S. government aims

to have 40% of the overall benefits of certain federal investments flow to

communities that are marginalized, underserved and overburdened by pollution.

1. Why Electric Vehicles

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

To cut down on gasoline use quickly, efficiently and equitably, we must refocus EV

policies around the biggest gasoline users. Drivers who work for TNCs, also known

as “rideshare services“ or “ridehailing apps,” offer a compelling opportunity to do just

that. Supporting gig drivers’ transition to EVs is an effective way to improve

equitable ownership and access to clean transportation while also reaching a large

segment of the driving public that currently operates greenhouse-gas emitting

vehicles.

According to a study conducted by Uber in 2021, drivers on the rideshare platform

use hybrid vehicles four times more than the average car owner.

Even so, the

Union of Concerned Scientists report that carbon intensity for non-pooled rides

taken on ridehailing apps is much higher than that of average-occupancy personal

cars.

The high amount of carbon-based fuel used qualifies TNC drivers as gasoline

“superusers,” and thus significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. At the

same time, industry figures put the average gross income for a full-time gig driver in

Los Angeles, the second-largest market in the United States, at just under than

$42,000 a year.

That’s about $2,000 dollars above the California poverty line for a

family of two adults and two children.

2. Why Supporting Gig Drivers in the

Transition to Electric Vehicles is Important

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

As ridehailing giants like Uber and Lyft

have grown to maturity, they have

transformed America’s roadways. There

are now more than eight million fewer

cars on the road because of rideshare,

according to Lyft’s 2023 Economic

Impact Report.

Addressing the needs

of TNC drivers is an important step

toward further reducing the number of

cars on the road. Facilitating the

transition of these drivers from

gasoline-powered vehicles to EV

models will in turn have a significant

impact on air pollution and climate

change.

Currently, data shows that communities

with high concentrations of EVs tend to

be affluent, college-educated and

overwhelmingly white.

Conversely, Lyft

reports that 72% of gig drivers are

members of BIPOC communities.

EVs

are still extremely uncommon in these

communities, however. In California, for

example, the ZIP codes with the largest

percentages of Latino and Black

residents have among the lowest

percentages of electric vehicles,

averaging about 2%. In contrast, whiter,

wealthier ZIP codes in the Bay Area and

around Los Angeles have ownership of

10 to 15%.

Barriers such as financing

difficulties, unfamiliarity with EV

technology, long-term cost-effectiveness

and limited charging access in

low-income and rural areas hinder

adoption.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

At the same time, research shows that

the experience of riding in an electric

vehicle can be a valuable tool to help

drive EV sales and adoption. A recent

survey by Consumer Reports found that

someone’s willingness to buy an EV

increases the more a potential buyer or

someone close to them sees, rides in,

or drives an electric vehicle.

Similarly,

Lyft’s Economic Impact Report found

that passengers who were between

cars were 38% more likely to consider

purchasing an EV after having ridden in

one.

Rideshare drivers, then, have a key role

to play in transportation electrification —

that of EV ambassadors. When they are

passengers in a gig driver’s electric

vehicle, consumers conveniently gain

direct experience with an EV without

having to navigate the high-pressure

sales tactics of a dealership or seek out

a ride-and-drive event hosted in their

community. With millions of drivers

worldwide, boosting the number of gig

drivers who use EVs for work will

effectively expose exponentially more

people to clean electric transportation.

3. Successes and Challenges for EV Gig Drivers

As we have noted from the Union of Concerned Scientists report, if gig drivers switch to

EVs we will see significant reductions in transportation-related greenhouse gas

emissions. This transition is underway around the globe as clean-transportation

advocates work to hasten EV adoption through policies, regulations and incentives at the

city and state level.

Here are examples of several successful efforts to date.

● 100% EV-driven in London: Uber now counts London as its top city for EVs

worldwide, with more than 10,000 electric vehicles on its platform, accounting for

17% of its worldwide EV fleet. The company aims to operate only EVs in the city

by the end of 2025.

It is an ambitious goal, Uber’s UK general manager

acknowledges, because “the availability and up-front cost of EVs can still be a

barrier for many drivers.”

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

● Equitable financing in Oregon: In the United States, Forth created a pilot

project to help low-income gig drivers access below-market-rate loans for the

purchase of an EV. We also worked alongside a Portland, Oregon,

community-based organization (CBO) to shift the focus of a similar program for

gas-powered vehicles to focus more on helping people from historically

underserved communities purchase clean vehicles.

The program, called

Portland Electric Ways to Work, provides financial counseling, grant money and

below market rate loans to clients, and exemplifies how necessary collaboration is

to deliver programs that successfully meet the needs of gig drivers. The CBO,

Metropolitan Family Service, had decades of experience supporting people from

marginalized communities. Forth, meanwhile contributed its transportation

electrification background, providing educational and technical assistance. The

partnership worked because we understood the benefits of the technology, while

Metropolitan Family Service had the capacity to help the project reach the people

who needed it most.

● Free airport fast chargers for gig drivers: In Oregon, Forth consulted with

Portland International Airport (PDX) when airport officials wanted to improve their

services for gig drivers. Our work together resulted in the installation of a row of

free Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC) stations in the TNC staging lot for gig

drivers. In the months after installation, the number of EV gig drivers at the airport

increased exponentially. Forth is currently working with Seattle, Washington, on

its TNC electrification and driver outreach plan to reduce greenhouse-gas

emissions at the SEA airport as well.

● Clean mileage in California: The state with the largest number of vehicles on

the road has taken a regulatory approach to hastening the electrification of TNC

fleets. Its Clean Miles Standard is a first-of-its-kind effort, adopted by the

California Air Resources Board in 2021. The idea behind the standard is that

targeting TNCs could markedly accelerate California’s clean energy transition.

TNC trips in non EVs are 69% more polluting than the trips they replace,

according to the Union of Concerned Scientists.

Changing a single full-time

ride-hailing vehicle to an EV would thus have the same emissions impact as

transitioning three private vehicles to EVs. The regulation includes gradually

increasing requirements for the percentage of passenger miles a TNC’s fleet must

travel by EV each year. It started with 2% in 2023 and will reach 90% by 2030.

Over the same time period, rideshare services must also lower overall

greenhouse gas emissions per passenger mile, reaching zero grams per

passenger mile by 2030.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

While Forth and others are finding

success with these regulatory, financial

and policy-driven approaches, there are

currently several challenges and

limitations for gig drivers to overcome.

Starting in the early 2020s, Forth

conducted outreach with TNC drivers in

Phoenix, Arizona; Las Vegas, Nevada;

Salt Lake City, Utah; and Portland,

Oregon.

Through interviews and

research surveys as part of the

DOE-funded Western Smart Regional EV

Adoption and Infrastructure at Scale TNC

EV Subproject (WestSmart EV@Scale),

we learned that TNC drivers’ major

concerns and barriers centered around:

1. The availability, affordability,

convenience and safety of using

fast chargers.

2. Limited understanding of EV

models, affordability and suitability

for gig work.

3. Ability to get financing for an EV,

since most TNC drivers are

contract workers.

4. Range anxiety, i.e. not being sure

an EV could drive the number of

miles they needed it to on a full

charge.

When designing a program to support gig

drivers’ transition to EVs, it is important to

keep in mind these challenges and seek

ways to mitigate them. Awareness of the

following details will help program

operators center drivers’ needs and offer

equitable solutions:

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

● Charging: For EVs to be a viable

option for gig drivers, they need

consistent, safe and affordable,

sometimes subscription-based, fast

charging options to fuel their vehicles.

The ability to charge at or near home

is important for all EV drivers, and

especially for gig drivers, who need to

start their shift on a full charge.

However, many gig drivers live in

multifamily housing. This can make the

ability to charge at home challenging,

if not impossible. Home chargers

require several hours at minimum to

fully charge a vehicle, making them

practical only during the hours gig

drivers aren’t working.

To get around

this, gig drivers may rely on public DC

fast chargers a couple times per day.

Unfortunately, they are finding that

fast-charging technology is not always

available in the places where they

need it most, such as in or near TNC

staging lots.

The WestSmart EV@Scale study

revealed that TNC drivers exhibit

distinct charging behaviors compared

to average drivers. TNC drivers charge

nearly twice as often at corridor and

public stations and less frequently at

residential locations. Their charging

patterns show a significant shift to

overnight hours (1 AM to 7 AM), with

decreased activity in the latter half of

the day. This suggests that

strategically placing DC fast chargers

for daytime use by regular drivers and

nighttime use by TNC drivers can

enhance utilization rates and improve

the business case for these chargers.

● Education: Before considering EV ownership, gig drivers need to

envision themselves behind the wheel. A recent Pew Research Center

survey found that about 40% of Americans overall would consider an EV

for their next car purchase. However, EVs have not been widely marketed

to high-mileage, moderate- and low-income drivers, resulting in many gig

drivers being unaware of the feasibility and benefits of EV ownership for

their work.

● Cost: Operating costs for electric vehicles are far lower than those of

gas-powered vehicles. EV owners can save more than $10,000 over the

life of an electric vehicle, a benefit that adds up more quickly for gig

drivers.

24, 25

The up-front cost to purchase an EV remains a barrier, but

federal and local EV incentive programs can greatly lower the cost of

buying and fueling an EV. Unfortunately, gig drivers report that incentives

can be challenging to find out about and to apply for. Drivers who want to

use an EV for gig work often rely on renting one.

While using a rental vehicle opens a door to employment that might

otherwise not be available, gig drivers may need to work more than 40

hours a week to earn little more than minimum wage. Creating an

equitable path to EV ownership could alleviate some of this financial

strain, making sustainable transportation more accessible.

● Lending: Many gig drivers face hurdles in borrowing money to purchase

a vehicle, and one of the most persistent barriers in the communities

where gig drivers live is the lack of affordable financing for EVs. The

current market for auto lending is rife with predatory lending practices,

including discrimination. Research shows that race and ethnicity can

result in high prices for cars and higher costs for financing, add-ons and

insurance. Drivers for TNCs like Uber and Lyft face additional challenges

since gig income is often classified as self-employment. Lenders may be

reluctant to consider loans to gig workers, seeing it as higher risk to make

a loan to an independent contractor when compared to a salaried

employee.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

● Range: The concept of range anxiety — the concern that a drivers’ battery

charge won’t last long enough for them to complete their driving needs — is a

very real issue for gig drivers in spite of improvements in EV range.

Many

TNC drivers will cover more than 250 miles in a single shift and need to feel

secure in their ability to do so safely and efficiently. There are now dozens of

EV models in the U.S. that exceed 300 miles in range.

Many of these

longer-range models recently came on the market, with moderate prices

ranging from $35,000 to $45,000 for vehicles from well-known automakers

such as Tesla, Kia and Hyundai. More importantly, newer EVs with a range of

at least 250 miles can be fully charged in around 20 minutes, compared with

older models of the same range that take upwards of an hour. TNC

companies like Uber and Lyft can alleviate range anxiety for their BEV drivers

by providing detailed trip information (destination, distance, time) before trip

acceptance. This allows drivers to determine if their vehicle has sufficient

charge for the journey without impacting their acceptance rates.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Forth's extensive work with gig drivers has provided not just insights into the barriers

they face, but also best practices for success. We continue to advocate for solutions

that make EV ownership equitably viable for TNC drivers by collaborating with

electric utilities, CBOs, individual gig drivers and public, private, and governmental

agencies. While there is still much to discover, our findings to date can help guide

EV adoption programs throughout the United States. We recommend taking the

following steps to ensure equitable program design.

Prioritize access to fast charging

Forth advocates for an increase in access to overnight, near- or at-home level 2

charging. However, robust Level 3 charging networks, also known as DC fast

charging (DCFC), are necessary for drivers trying to earn a living wage. Forth has

found that convenient public charging networks with DCFC coverage near the

routes gig drivers most often travel is a key factor in facilitating the switch to electric

vehicles. Successful programs will prioritize this need when it comes to installing DC

fast charging infrastructure.

Making more fast-charging stations available in city centers and at airport TNC

staging lots is also vital to enticing gig drivers into EVs. In addition to ensuring that

fast chargers are near high-traffic routes, they should be at or near places where gig

drivers wait for fares. Cities and ports may identify high-use staging areas, such as

taxi and TNC lots at airports, casinos and other entertainment venues. They can

then prioritize the installation of DCFC stations in these and other areas that depend

on rideshare traffic. This would reduce the number of “deadheads,” or drives without

passengers, when drivers might be forced to drive away from high-demand areas

and sacrifice fares to recharge.

Forward-thinking cities also will find funding to strengthen the built environment

around charging in TNC lots. If not installing chargers around pre-existing

infrastructure, this may include installing pavement, lighting, temperature-controlled

restrooms and covered areas that offer security cameras, trash receptacles and

access to food and water while drivers are using a charging station.

4. Recommendations for a Successful Program

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

DC fast charging can be made more affordable to gig drivers through solutions such

as low-cost subscription services and income-based charging discount programs.

One example is Portland General Electric’s collaboration with Shell Recharge, called

Electric Avenue. This subscription service allows drivers to pay $25 a month for

unlimited charging during off-peak hours. During peak hours, there is a small

per-use fee and the cost to charge is only 19 cents/kWh.

Reach out to drivers in equitable ways

Without representation in advertising campaigns or marketing outreach tailored to

them, many gig drivers may miss out on chances to learn about the benefits of EV

ownership. EV education should be targeted to members of historically underserved

communities. For example, to extend the reach of our messages, Forth designs and

translates our “EV 101” education and outreach materials into nine languages. We

make these materials widely available to the public and to our program partners.

More importantly, we need an affordable line of EVs that have the necessary range

and speed of charging that TNC drivers require for their work.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Help drivers lower EV up-front costs

While EV prices are declining, the high

up-front cost to purchase one is still a

significant barrier. State and federal

incentives, in the form of “cash on the

hood” discounts at the point of sale, are

an essential way to make EVs more

affordable. These can be combined with

local offers to help make an EV purchase

possible. For example, the Portland

Electric Ways to Work Program, run by

the community-based organization

Metropolitan Family Service and funded

by the Portland Clean Energy

Community Benefits Fund, provides

income-based grants to help low-income

earners with a down payment for an EV.

Educate drivers about the economics

of switching to an EV

It is too easy, when confronted with the

high upfront cost of a vehicle, to not

recognize a winning scenario that may

exist with fuel and maintenance savings.

Tools such as the one offered by the U.S.

Department of Energy

(https://afdc.energy.gov/calc/) that break

down the total cost of ownership of a

vehicle can help high-mileage gig drivers

recognize how much more of their

earnings will end up in their pocket.

Including purchase price, fuel and

maintenance, EVs cost half of what ICE

vehicles cost over the lifetime of the

vehicle, and in the first 7 years of

ownership, EV drivers will have already

gained more than $10,000 in savings.

Those savings will be much greater in

places that subsidize charging to

incentivize gasoline superusers.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Educate drivers about TNC incentives

for purchasing an EV

Support from TNCs is another crucial

element in making EV ownership easier

for gig drivers. Both Uber and Lyft offer

ride bonuses when drivers use an EV for

work. They also have steep discounts on

public DCFCs, and home charging

units.

In addition, Uber incentivizes

drivers by offering $1,000 toward the

purchase of an EV.

Collaborate with lenders

Some lending institutions offer reduced

interest rates for EV purchases. For

example, the Portland Electric Ways to

Work program partners with Point West

Credit Union, which provides flexibility in

verifying income and risk assessment.

Point West has a fund set aside for

guaranteeing loans to gig drivers as they

transition to EVs.

Given that EVs are expected to last 1.5

times longer than ICE vehicles over their

lifetime, lenders might reconsider their

underwriting approaches. This increased

longevity could result in a flatter

depreciation curve, thereby lowering the

per-mile cost of EV ownership.

Forth is investigating what a scalable financing program can look like that addresses

the needs of historically underserved communities across the country. With partners

from urban and rural areas across the United States, we are assessing the varying

needs of different populations and compiling our data. The goal is to create an online

toolkit that organizations can use to shape their own programs geared toward

equitable access to EV financing.

Partner with community-based organizations

CBOs can provide outreach and education to members of historically underserved

communities, many of whom rely on gig work as their primary source of income.

Forth has found CBOs to be valuable partners who can offer culturally competent

assistance that pairs well with EV advocates’ technical knowledge. These

partnerships can help gig drivers:

● Weigh the different EV options on the market.

● Learn about the pros and cons of EVs, including total cost of ownership.

● See whether the purchase of an EV can fit within a driver’s budget, including

an overview of affordable EVs that have at least a 250-mile range and/or the

ability to charge quickly.

● Understand and apply for local and federal incentives.

● Find affordable charging solutions, such as through low-cost subscription

services and income-based charging discount programs.

● Get credit counseling and build financial savings.

● Access affordable financing programs.

● Vet vehicles and avoid predatory sales tactics.

Legislate

Municipalities and states can implement policies mandating that a growing

proportion of total miles driven by transportation network company platforms be

electric, motivating TNC companies to support their drivers in transitioning to electric

vehicles. One such initiative is the Clean Miles Standard Program (CMS), a

regulatory framework developed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and

enforced by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). CMS offers a variety

of pathways TNC companies may use to meet the zero-emission and GHG emission

reduction targets. These targets can be met through using cleaner vehicles,

increasing vehicle occupancy, decreasing deadheading, investing in active

transportation infrastructure such as sidewalks and bikeways, and facilitating

connections to transit.

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Over the years, Forth has built strong partnerships across the transportation

electrification ecosystem. We have found that to build capacity for EV ownership

among gig drivers, advocates must develop relationships with many types of

stakeholders. Along with TNC companies and drivers, people and groups involved in

these efforts may come from government agencies, electric utilities, local

businesses or civic organizations and CBOs.

5. Key Stakeholders

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Because of their complexity, programs that advocate for equitable EV ownership

can be a significant investment. As noted in Section 3, designing a program

requires EV education and outreach that goes beyond the needs of traditional

auto-buying programs for lower-income buyers. Programs that focus on EVs and

charging stations have a strategic advantage, however. This is because

programs designed around electric vehicles can draw on funding opportunities

that do not exist with gas-powered vehicle ownership efforts.

In Forth’s experience, programs that are able to sustain their efforts choose to

rely on a diverse mix of funding sources, including government programs, utility

investment and philanthropy. While grants or tax credits may be available to help

with EV technology or up-front costs, different funding mechanisms will often be

necessary to support program operations, community engagement and other

efforts.

Effectively making use of subsidies, grants and clean-energy funds can increase

the likelihood of a program’s scalable success. Funding streams to consider

when building a program’s budget may include:

● Federal tax credits

● State tax credits

● Utilities’ clean-energy programs

● City or state grants

● Philanthropic foundations

● Programs such as the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, Climate

Pollution Reduction Grants and National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

(NEVI) funding

It’s important to remember that funders will want to see evidence that a

program’s work meets their stated aims and qualifies for support under their

funding criteria. With each mechanism, it’s therefore important to understand

how the funding will shape program design, goals, reporting and metrics.

6. Budget and Funding Strategies

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

Advocates for equitable EV adoption may find the following resources helpful in

making the case for programs that support gig drivers:

● Accelerating EV Adoption for Gig Drivers, Forth

● EV Rideshare Driver Testimonials, Forth

● Portland Electric Ways to Work, Forth

● Electrifying Ride-Hailing in the United States, Europe, and Canada: How to

Enable Ride-Hailing Drivers to Switch to Electric Vehicles, World Resources

Institute

● Characteristics and Experiences of Ride-Hailing Drivers with Electric

Vehicles, World Electric Vehicle Journal

● 2023 Economic Impact Report, Lyft

● 2024 Environmental Social and Governance Report, Uber

● Not all subsidies are equal: measuring preferences for electric vehicle

financial incentives, Environmental Research Letters

Forth also has compiled the findings from across its research and pilot program into

a series of white papers that can help make the case for investments in EV

programs. See forthmobility.org/reports-studies-papers to download these

resources.

Lead Author

Ian Sergeant, Forth

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the many staff members, board members, project partners,

industry stakeholders, and others who have helped to shape and guide our work on

these issues over the past decade, particularly our partners on the WestSmart

EV@Scale project, Dr. Patrick Singleton at Utah State University and Jossi

Fritz-Mauer at FlexCharging, Pacific Power, Rocky Mountain Power, and the U.S.

Department of Energy. This paper was made possible, in part, by work funded by

the GM Climate Fund. All opinions expressed are the sole responsibility of Forth.

Additional Resources

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Best Practices For Gig Drivers’ Transition to Electric Vehicles

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